Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
Adam Smith, 77 years of age, is a male patient who was admitted from a nursing home to the intensive care unit with septic shock secondary to urosepsis. The patient has a Foley catheter in place from the nursing home with cloudy greenish, yellow-colored urine with sediments. The nurse removes the catheter after obtaining a urine culture and replaces it with a condom catheter attached to a drainage bag since the patient has a history of urinary and bowel incontinence. The patient is confused, afebrile, and hypotensive with a blood pressure of 82/44 mm Hg. His respiratory rate is 28 breaths/min and the pulse oximeter reading is at 88% room air, so the physician ordered 2 to 4 L of oxygen per nasal cannula titrated to keep SaO2 greater than 90%. The patient responded to 2 L of oxygen per nasal cannula with a SaO2 of 92%. The patient has diarrhea. His blood glucose level is elevated at 160 mg/dL. The white blood count is 15,000 and the C-reactive protein, a marker for inflammation, is elevated. The patient is being treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and norepinephrine (Levophed) beginning at 2 mcg/min and titrated to keep systolic blood pressure greater than 100 mm Hg. A subclavian triple lumen catheter was inserted and verified by chest x-ray for correct placement. An arterial line was placed in the right radial artery to closely monitor the patient’s blood pressure during the usage of the vasopressor therapy. Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
- What predisposed the patient to develop septic shock?
- What potential findings would suggest that the patient’s septic shock is worsening from the point of admission?
- The norepinephrine concentration is 16 mg in 250 mL of normal saline (NS). Explain how the nurse should administer the medication. What nursing implications are related to the usage of a vasoactive medication?
- Explain why the effectiveness of a vasoactive medication decreases as the septic shock worsens. What treatment should the nurse anticipate to be obtained to help the patient?
- Explain the importance for nutritional support for this patient and which type of nutritional support should be provided Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
ORDER A PLAGIARISM FREE PAPER NOW
2. Carlos Adams was involved in a motor vehicle accident and suffered blunt trauma to his abdomen. Upon presentation to the emergency department, his vital signs are as follows: temperature, 100.9°F; heart rate, 120 bpm; respiratory rate, 20 breaths/min; and blood pressure, 90/54 mm Hg. His abdomen is firm, with bruising around the umbilicus. He is alert and oriented, but complains of dizziness when changing positions. The patient is admitted for management of suspected hypovolemic shock. Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
The following orders are written for the patient:
Place two large-bore IVs and infuse 0.9% NS at 125 mL/hr/line
Obtain complete blood count, serum electrolytes
Oxygen at 2 L/min via nasal cannula
Type and cross for 4 units of blood
Flat plate of the abdomen STAT
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a continuum, with incremental degrees of physiologic derangements in individual organs; it is a process rather than a single event. Alteration in organ function can vary widely from a mild degree of organ dysfunction to completely irreversible organ failure. The degree of organ dysfunction has a major clinical impact. Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
In a classic 1975 editorial by Baue, the concept of “multiple, progressive or sequential systems failure” was formulated as the basis of a new clinical syndrome. [1] Several different terms were proposed thereafter (eg, multiple organ failure, multiple system organ failure, and multiple organ system failure) to describe this evolving clinical syndrome of otherwise unexplained progressive physiologic failure of several interdependent organ systems
At present, there is no drug or device that can reverse organ failure that has been judged by the health care team to be medically and/or surgically irreversible (organ function can recover, at least to a degree, in patients whose organs are very dysfunctional, where the patient has not died[citation needed]; and some organs, like the liver or the skin, can regenerate better than others),- with the possible exception of single or multiple organ transplants or the use of artificial organs or organ parts, in certain candidates in specific situations. Therapy, therefore, is usually mostly limited to supportive care, i.e. safeguarding hemodynamics, and respiration. Maintaining adequate tissue oxygenation is a principal target. Starting enteral nutrition within 36 hours of admission to an intensive care unit has reduced infectious complications Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
Also check: Case Study: Cardiorespiratory